A suffix goes at the end of a word. A prefix goes at the beginning.

A suffix is a group of letters placed at the end of a word to make a new word. A suffix can make a new word in one of two ways:

1.   inflectional (grammatical): for example, changing singular to plural (dog > dogs), or changing present tense to past tense (walk > walked). In this case, the basic meaning of the word does not change.

2.   derivational (the new word has a new meaning, "derived" from the original word): for example, teach > teacher or care > careful

Inflectional suffixes

The Three Little Pigs

1. Once upon a time there were three pigs.

2. The pigs built three houses.

3. The wolf blew down the straw house.

4. The wolf blew down the wood house.

5. The wolf could not blow down the brick house.

Discussion

Posting the key events around the room is not necessary, but it provides important language support. For instance, students are more likely to use the past tense because that is what appears in the sentences we have posted for the reporters.

Heterogeneous grouping in this activity encourages peer tutoring. For example, students with skills in writing can model their ability to other group members. The key is that students who are more able should try to enable their groupmates; they should not do tasks for their groupmates. Students, as with most people, often want to do tasks in the quickest way possible. However, the focus in classrooms is on learning, with the task as a means of promoting learning. Thus, the scribe in each group should not necessarily be the best writer in that group.

By Marc W Anderson

Do you want to learn English? Do you know someone else who wants to learn? In either case, there are some great options available. Traditional language learning has been conducted in formal classrooms. However, technology has developed in recent times. Now you can learn quicker than ever with online English speaking classes. Instead of making the trip to a language institute on a regular basis, you can learn in the comfort of your own home or office. So, how is this possible?

The internet has made it easier and faster to do just about everything, learning a language included. There are great web modules that allow you to access online English speaking classes with a few clicks of your mouse. These online classrooms offer all the support that you would get at a traditional language institute, but you can study on your own time and do it from the location of your choosing. Professional teachers work for these online companies, and they are fully trained to teach you English. You can learn with certified teachers from home. It is like having a personal tutor, but you get all the benefits at a fraction of the cost. Tutors can be really expensive, and online language courses often give you more materials to work with at a lower price than a private tutor.

By way of review, as reading aloud forms part of many language teacher education programmes, certain general pointers on how teachers can read aloud to students are listed below. However, how to read aloud will differ according to the specific students being read to, teachers’ instructional objectives and teachers’ personalities and skills.

a.       Choose stories that will appeal to students and, hopefully, to you (the reader) as well.

b.       Consider whether to modify, summarize, or even omit sections of the book which may be less interesting or overly difficult. In other words, there is no need to read the book exactly as it is written.

c.       Consider places in the book where you might wish to vary your reading style, e.g., when a small or large animal is speaking. At certain places, for instance, you may wish to speak louder or softer, faster or slower than normal. This, however, does not mean that teachers must be professional actors to read aloud.

Simple non-associative learning Habituation

Main article: Habituation

In psychology, habituation is an example of non-associative learning in which there is a progressive diminution of behavioral response probability with repetition stimulus. An animal first responds to a stimulus, but if it is neither rewarding nor harmful the animal reduces subsequent responses. One example of this can be seen in small song birds—if a stuffed owl (or similar predator) is put into the cage, the birds initially react to it as though it were a real predator. Soon the birds react less, showing habituation. If another stuffed owl is introduced (or the same one removed and re-introduced), the birds react to it again as though it were a predator, demonstrating that it is only a very specific stimulus that is habituated to (namely, one particular unmoving owl in one place). Habituation has been shown in essentially every species of animal, as well as the large protozoan Stentor coeruleus.[5]

Sensitisation

Main article: Sensitisation

Sensitisation is an example of non-associative learning in which the progressive amplification of a response follows repeated administrations of a stimulus (Bell et al., 1995)[citation needed]. An everyday example of this mechanism is the repeated tonic stimulation of peripheral nerves that will occur if a person rubs his arm continuously. After a while, this stimulation will create a warm sensation that will eventually turn painful. The pain is the result of the progressively amplified synaptic response of the peripheral nerves warning the person that the stimulation is harmful.[clarification needed] Sensitization is thought to underlie both adaptive as well as maladaptive learning processes in the organism.

Reading aloud by parents and other in-home caregivers (Bus, Ijzendoorn, & Pelligrini, 1995; Fox, 2001; Trelease, 2001) and by teachers (Anderson, Hiebert, Scott, & Wilkinson, 1985; Barton & Booth, 1990; Blok, 1999; Elley, 1998) is a well-known practice for enhancing literacy. Many benefits have been proposed for reading aloud to students. Some of these are discussed below. Furthermore, the sole role of reading aloud is not as the predecessor to silent reading. Indeed, teachers of upper primary, intermediate, and secondary school students who are already reading on their own also find reading aloud to be a useful practice (Jacobs & Loh, 2001; Trelease, 2001).

Benefits of reading aloud

The list below contains some of the purported benefits of reading aloud divided into two groups: benefits for students who are learning to read and benefits for all students.

The President of the United States is one of the most powerful people in the world. He must lead a strong nation and make sure that laws are put into effect . He is thecommander of the army and can send American soldiers to war. The President also decides which relationships America has with other countries. He is the Head of State and meets with leaders of other nations.

To become president a person

§  must be at least 35 years old

§  must have lived in the United States for at least 14 years

§  must be born in the United States

A president serves his country for four years. He can also be elected a second time. Until 1951 US presidents were able to hold office for more than eight years. Franklin D. Roosevelt , for example, was elected four times and was president from 1933—1945.

If Congress finds out that a president has done something wrong he can be removedfrom the White House .

Posted by Josette

I’ve just thought up of some simple ways for anyone who is interested in improving their English. I myself am trying to improve in this language each day. There’s always so much to learn and it can be really fun! You just need to have the passion and enthusiasm to better yourself.

1.   This is what most people would advise: read. Read anything and everything in English. You can read story books, newspapers, magazines, blogs, comics, English textbooks, instructions and ingredients on food packages, advertisements, etc. For story books, don’t force yourself to read something too difficult or something you know you won’t enjoy. Make reading fun! Read books that you ENJOY reading. I hate to read books that bore me too.

1.   Start your own English language blog. Even for people who don't have to write in English, writing can be a great way of properly learning the kind of vocabulary you need to describe your own life and interests, and of thinking about how to stop making grammar mistakes. The problem most people have is that they don't know what to write about. One traditional way to make sure you write every day in English is to write an English diary (journal), and a more up to date way of doing this is to write a blog. Popular topics include your language learning experience, your experience studying abroad, your local area, your language, or translations of your local news into English.

2.   Write a news diary. Another daily writing task that can work for people who would be bored by writing about their own routines in a diary is to write about the news that you read and listen to everyday. If you include your predictions for how you think the story will develop (e.g. "I think Hillary will become president"), this can give you a good reason to read old entries another time, at which time you can also correct and mistakes you have made and generally improve what you have written.

3.   Sign up for a regular English tip. Some websites offer a weekly or even daily short English lesson sent to your email account. If your mobile phone has an e-mail address, it is also possible to have the tips sent to your phone to read on the way to work or school. Please note, however, that such services are not usually graded very well to the levels of different students, and they should be used as a little added extra or revision in your English studies rather than as a replacement for something you or your teacher have chosen more carefully as what you need to learn.

4.   Listen to MP3s. Although buying music on the internet is becoming more popular in many countries, not so many people know that you can download speech radio such as audio books (an actor reading out a novel) and speech radio. Not only is this better practice for your English than listening to English music, from sources like Scientific American, BBC and Australia's ABC Radio it is also free.

5.   Listen to English music. Even listening to music while doing something else can help a little for things like getting used to the natural rhythm and tone of English speech, although the more time and attention you give to a song the more you will learn from listening to it again in the future.

 Woodward:

English is hard to learn because... 

English was invented by people, not computers, and it reflects the creativity of the human race, which, of course, is not a race at all. 

We take English for granted. But if we explore its paradoxes, we find that quicksand can work slowly, boxing rings are square and a guinea pig is neither from Guinea nor is it a pig. And why is it that writers write but fingers don't fing, grocers don't groce and hammers don't ham? 

Let's face it - English is a crazy language. There is no egg in eggplant nor ham in hamburger; neither apple nor pine in pineapple. English muffins weren't invented in England or French fries in France. Sweetmeats are candies while sweetbreads, which aren't sweet, are meat. 

Here are some tips which may help you to master the English Language!

Speak without Fear

The biggest problem most people face in learning a new language is their own fear.  They worry that they won’t say things correctly or that they will look stupid so they don’t talk at all.  Don’t do this.  The fastest way to learn anything is to do it – again and again until you get it right.  Like anything, learning English requires practice.  Don’t let a little fear stop you from getting what you want. 

Use all of your Resources

Even if you study English at a language school it doesn’t mean you can’t learn outside of class.  Using as many different sources, methods and tools as possible, will allow you to learn faster.  There are many different ways you can improve your English, so don’t limit yourself to only one or two. 

How will you improve your English READING fast and easily? How will you learn difficult English vocabulary? 

Is it possible to improve reading and vocabulary very quickly? 

**Yes, You Can Improve Very Fast

You are lucky. There is a lot of research about this topic. 

The research tells us what methods are successful-- and what methods are failures. The research is very clear and very strong. If you use the correct methods, you will learn very fast. 

Word Roots and Prefixes

Robert Harris 
Version Date: February 5, 2010 
Original: October 13, 1997

This list contains some of the common roots and prefixes that make up the building blocks of numerous English words. Following the table of general roots and prefixes is a table of number prefixes. 
 

How Words Work

Many words are made up of a root (or base word) and a prefix. Some words also have a suffix. For example, the root word port means to carry or to bear. Attach the prefixex, meaning out or out of, and you have the word export, to carry out. Attach the prefixim, meaning in or into and you have import, to carry in. Attach the prefix trans,meaning across, and you have transport, meaning to carry across. Now let's attach the suffix able, meaning able to be, and you have importable, exportable, andtransportable.

The very words prefix and suffix are good examples, too. Pre means before and fixmeans to fasten or attach, so quite literally, a prefix is something attached to the beginning of something else. Suf is a variant of sub, below or under, so a suffix is something fastened underneath something else (in this case, behind the root).

By Marc W Anderson

Online spoken English language lessons are a great way to learn how to speak English. Countless people want to learn English these days. There is no doubt that it is one of the most useful languages on the planet. People working or living in the United States, Canada or the United Kingdom need to know English in order to go about their daily tasks. It is absolutely necessary to learn how to speak English a bit if you are going to work or live in one of these countries. It is also good to know English if you work in international business. Most businesses use some level of English, and knowing the language is a good way to advance in a company.

My most important piece of advice is: "Do something (anything). If you don't do anything, you won't get anywhere. Make it your hobby, not a chore, but above all have fun!"

Don't be in too much of a hurry. You're setting off on a long journey and there'll be delays and frustrations along the way. Sometimes you'll be in the fast lane and other times you'll be stuck in traffic, but there will also be lots of interesting things and interesting people along the way. Take your time to really enjoy the experience.

There are many ways to improve your level of English, but only you can find the right way for you. Here are a few tips that might help:-

Improve your Learning Skills

Learning is a skill and it can be improved.

Your path to learning effectively is through knowing

Because English is the international language of business and commerce, it can be very important for people to learn the language. People learn English not only for work, they also learn it when they move to an English-speaking country. Knowing how to find the right English course will save these people a lot of time and money, and it will also help them find the class that suits them. Here, you will learn where to look for quality language courses and how you should evaluate the quality of an online education course.

 I  wonder about the best way to learn a new vocab ,since i know there are two ways of learning

1) to translate the word to the learner language and study it

2) to understand the word by using an english dictionary

which way do you learners use?and what does the native english speakers suggest?

i also like to know the best way to learn form english films

is it fine to read the translation or is it better to listen to the acters.....what if we didn't understand some words?

Grammar is the system of a language. People sometimes describe grammar as the "rules" of a language; but in fact no language has rules*. If we use the word "rules", we suggest that somebody created the rules first and then spoke the language, like a new game. But languages did not start like that. Languages started by people making sounds which evolved into words, phrases and sentences. No commonly-spoken language is fixed. All languages change over time. What we call "grammar" is simply a reflection of a language at a particular time.

Here are the most common spelling rules in English. For exceptions to the rules take a look at Common Spelling Problems.

Capital Letters

Use Capital (T, S, B, etc.) letters for the following types of words:

·                        Days, Months and Public Holidays

Monday, January, Christmas

·                         

·                        Proper names of People and Places

Jack, Maria, New York, Germany

·                        Titles for People

Ms, Dr, General

·                        Nationalities and Regions (both nouns and adjectives)

Dutch, Swedish, Basque

·                        Titles of Works of Art (content words only)

The Last Day of Summmer, American Journal of Medicine

When to Double Final Consonants

The final consonant of a word is often doubled when adding -ed, -ing, -er, -est in the following

African State

Sudan is the largest country in Africa. It is divided into a northern and a southern region. Muslim Arabs live in the northern and central part of the country while southern Sudan is inhabited by black Africans. They are followers of Christianity and traditional religions.

Civil war has been going on in Sudan for almost half a century. In January, 2011 the people of southern Sudan voted for an independent state.

Geography

Northern Sudan is a part of the Sahara desert. It is hot and dry with little rainfall. Central and southern Sudan are made up of swamps and hilly land. The region has a tropical climate with a long rainy season. The Nile Riverflows through the country from south to north. The two branches of the Nile, the Blue and the White Nile come together at the country’s capital, Khartoum.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

  (Redirected from Associative learning)

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"Learn" and "Learned" redirect here. For other uses, see Learn (disambiguation) and Learned (disambiguation).

Learning is acquiring new, or modifying existing, knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, or preferences and may involve synthesizing different types of information. The ability to learn is possessed by humans, animals and some machines. Progress over time tends to follow learning curves. Learning is not compulsory, it is contextual. It does not happen all at once, but builds upon and is shaped by what we already know. To that end, learning may be viewed as a process, rather than a collection of factual and procedural knowledge.

Human learning may occur as part of education, personal development, schooling, or training. It may be goal-oriented and may be aided by motivation. The study of how learning occurs is part of neuropsychology, educational psychology, learning theory, and pedagogy. Learning may occur as a result of habituation or classical conditioning, seen in many animal species, or as a result of more complex activities such as play, seen only in relatively intelligent animals.^[1][2] Learning may occur consciously or without conscious awareness. There is evidence for human behavioral learning prenatally, in which habituation has been observed as early as 32 weeks into gestation, indicating that the central nervous system is sufficiently developed and primed for learning and memory to occur very early on in development.^[3]

Once we have some good ideas and have consulted with others via books and journals, written communication, face-to-face meetings, and other means, we are ready to write our piece. Of course, the act of writing itself can help us get ideas, and we may often find in the course of our writing that we need to go back and get some new ideas or revise the ones we started with. Below are five ideas that I try to keep in mind in my own writing.

Connect Ideas

An article should be a rich tapestry, connected both within itself and to the ideas of others. We should connect our ideas to other people's writing in many related areas, including others' research, theory, methodology, philosophy, and techniques. Also, we will often want to link our ideas to practical, real-life examples. In this way, we create a bond between the concrete and the abstract. For instance, if we mention a theoretical idea in an early part of our article, we might later show in a very, very clear manner how we put that idea into practice in our classroom. Thereby, we connect the various parts of our article, giving every idea a purpose, making it a necessary part of the whole.

1. Don't study grammar too much

This rule might sound strange to many ESL students, but it is one of the most important rules. If you want to pass examinations, then study grammar. However, if you want to become fluent in English, then you should try to learn English without studying the grammar. 

Studying grammar will only slow you down and confuse you. You will think about the rules when creating sentences instead of naturally saying a sentence like a native. Remember that only a small fraction of English speakers know more than 20% of all the grammar rules. Many ESL students know more grammar than native speakers. I can confidently say this with experience. I am a native English speaker, majored in English Literature, and have been teaching English for more than 10 years. However, many of my students know more details about English grammar than I do. I can easily look up the definition and apply it, but I don't know it off the top of my head. 

I often ask my native English friends some grammar questions, and only a few of them know the correct answer. However, they are fluent in English and can read, speak, listen, and communicate effectively. 

Do you want to be able to recite the definition of a causative verb, or do you want to be able to speak English fluently? 

I am often surprised at how focusing on the "stress - timed" quality of English helps students improve their pronunciation skills. Students often focus on pronouncing each word correctly and therefore tend to pronounce in an unnatural manner. By focusing on the stress - timed factor in English - the fact that only principal words such as proper nouns, principal verbs, adjectives and adverbs receive the "stress" - students soon begin sounding much more "authentic" as the cadence of the language begins to ring true. The following lesson focuses on raising awareness of this issue and includes practice exercises.

There are many different reasons for people to learn English as a second language, including business advancements and personal communication. Regardless of the reason, it is important to know and understand your learning option. Having this knowledge will enable a person to make the best decision regarding how they are going to learn English. Consider the following methods that are available and their benefits:

Classroom based lessons – Depending on an individual's learning style, one might enjoy a traditional class environment. Learning in a traditional environment provides consistent interaction with an instructor and can be helpful for students who may seek out extra guidance for class materials. Classroom based learning also provides students with the opportunity to form peer groups with other students to study and work with.

Audio lessons – These are rather old fashioned now, and a lot of learners find that it can be hard to gain a real grasp of a language through this method alone. However, good online courses that teach English as a second language may involve audio lessons to give students a better idea of pronunciation and dialect. Audio lessons are commonly used tu supplement a curriculum, however, complete audio lessons are available for auditory learners.

If you've ever wondered how children can seemingly pick up on English faster than their parents, here's why. Children do not have the fear and anxiety that adults have concerning the learning of a new language; the biggest barrier to most adult English learners is a fear of failure. They are anxious that they will not be able to pronounce words the right way or that they will make mistakes and others will ridicule them. As is true with other things in life, practice is essential in learning English. You should practice as much as possible and learn from your mistakes.

Learning English is one of the best decisions one can make in order to improve their communication skills. Various statistics show that there are over three hundred million people in the world who speak English as a second language, and there are over one hundred million more who use the language as a preferred form of communication. Today, English is the official language of business communications in most countries, and here are some more reasons why you should learn the language.

1.      Learning English will always keep you ahead of the curve. It will allow you to get access to information that non-English speakers cannot get, such as updates, world news and current events. These are normally communicated using English. If you employ people, learning English will help to eliminate staff mistakes caused by a language barrier. If you're writing your résumé, being able to write down you are capable of speaking english gives you a huge advantage.

By Marc W Anderson

Lots of people want to learn English these days. If you think about it, there are few other languages in the world that are so widely spoken and so important to know. Mandarin, Arabic, and Spanish are certainly useful to know. However, English may be the most commonly spoken language for international business and travel. In any case, it is a language that is important to learn if you want to get ahead in many areas of life. Immigrants that come to the United States have to learn English in order to get jobs and make a good living. Tourists need English to find their way around. Businessmen need English to communicate with international clients and partners. No matter how you look at it, English plays a big role in today's world.

Anyone who is thinking of moving to an English speaking country will clearly be anxious to learn the language, so they can integrate themselves easily. Learning English as a second language opens many doors for people and provides them with a variety of options they might have otherwise gone without. ELS persons will be able to converse freely with people they meet, making getting settled in a new home much easier. People also want to have an understanding of English for work purposes, as an internationally accepted language and the language of business, the English language is imperative to the success and advancement in many industries and workplaces.

In order to learn English with no existing knowledge base, a person will need to know their options in terms of programs and school that will work best for their learning style. For example, a person could sign up for a night school class, or a college course, or try to learn English using audio tapes and books. A popular option for many students is to participate in an online program. Learning using online tools and support systems can be helpful for anyone who has work or family commitments and cannot attend a weekly lesson. This type of learning is much more interactive than trying to learn using audio and books alone, and can usually provide extra resources and support for student struggling with course material.

While there are certainly many more varieties of English, American and British English are the two varieties that are taught in most ESL/EFL programs. Generally, it is agreed that no one version is "correct" however, there are certainly preferences in use. The most important rule of thumb is to try to be consistent in your usage. If you decide that you want to use American English spellings then be consistent in your spelling (i.e. The color of the orange is also its flavour - color is American spelling and flavour is British), this is of course not always easy - or possible. The following guide is meant to point out the principal differences between these two varieties of English.

Use of the Present Perfect

In British English the present perfect is used to express an action that has occurred in the recent past that has an effect on the present moment. For example:

I've lost my key. Can you help me look for it?
In American English the following is also possible:
I lost my key. Can you help me look for it?

In British English the above would be considered incorrect. However, both forms are generally accepted in standard American English. Other differences involving the use of the present perfect in British English and simple past in American English include already, just and yet.

British English:

I've just had lunch
I've already seen that film
Have you finished your homework yet?

American English:

I just had lunch OR I've just had lunch
I've already seen that film OR I already saw that film.
Have your finished your homework yet? OR Did you finish your homework yet?

TEXT BOOK 1 2

(PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL)

 A CONETNT ANALS IS  Of ENHGLISH

TEXT BOOK 1 2

 (PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL)

BY S USSA N A BEDINZADEH East Azarbaijan Marand Kha.zra High School 2008

p. c:. 514931 SS e.mai! : sue abeclinzadeh @Yahoo.com tel. 09144915173

Introduction

EFL textbooks can play an important role in the success of language programs. In facts some authors say they are the visible heart of any ELT program" . They provide the objectives of language learning; they function as a lesson plan for teachers and learners.So these Materials and textbooks which are in fact the realization of the process of syllabus design should closely reflect [the needs of the learners and] the aims, methods, and values of the teaching program. But if textbooks can play such an important role in language programs "Why does the EFL textbooks in our public high schools never meet the expectations of the learners/teachers?

Summary: A teacher's view some possible answers to a question commonly asked by ESL learners

By: Alex Case

Good reasons why teachers don't correct all your mistakes:

1.      Class time - If the class is 60 minutes long and the teacher spends 30 minutes correcting student mistakes, that only leaves 30 minutes for speaking, reading, listening, writing, checking homework, setting homework, explaining the new language of the day etc.

2.      Slip ups - Some of the mistakes you make are just because you are tired, thinking about something else, concentrating on different language etc. If so, you already know that language is wrong and the teacher pointing that out to you is not very useful.

3.      Relevance - The mistake you have just made might not be connected to the language in your course, might not be the language you need to reach the next level, or might not be something the other students need to hear about.

4.      Concentration/ distractions - If the teacher corrects you on many different unrelated points of grammar, you will not be able to concentrate fully on the most important ones or on the language point of the day.

5.      Fluency - If the teacher corrects you every time you make a mistake you will always be thinking about mistakes and that will slow down your speaking. Speaking very slowly and correcting yourself all the time will stop you reaching the next level and will make it hard for people to talk to you without getting bored and impatient. It will also slow down youreading and writing speeds, and make it hard to 

Data Analysis

T-tests were used to compare the pre-test scores of the control and experimental groups on the GSORT and the IRI to establish if they were indeed roughly equivalent on the dependent variable as it was operationalized in this study, i.e., the two measures of reading proficiency, before the study began. T-tests were used again to compare the posttest scores of the two groups on the two instruments to see if the treatment might have been associated with any difference in reading proficiency. A familywise alpha level of .05 was set for all t-tests. With degrees of freedom of 29, the critical value was approximately 2.67. This higher than normal critical value for a .05 alpha level (compared to the normal 2.04) was used to compensate for the fact that four t-tests were done.

Results

You probably know that even in your own language reading is regarded as important because it can be entertaining and educational, can open up new worlds and enrich your life, and can improve hand-eye co-ordination and enhance social skills.

But for learning a foreign language, in this case English, reading in that language has additional important benefits that can help you learn the language faster and more completely.

Reading is an essential skill for language learners. When your reading skills improve, your listening, speaking and writing skills improve too. Here are some of the specific reasons why English learners are encouraged to read in English:

§  The constant repetition of words and patterns in reading helps you learn and remember vocabulary and grammar structures.

§  Reading helps you become familiar with the rhythm of English. Over time it will start to feel natural and you will notice when a sentence or phrase doesn't seem right.

§  Unlike conversation, reading is something you can do on your own.

§  Reading is not expensive, often free.

§  Good reading skills can improve your other language skills. You need to learn to read before you can write.

§  Reading is the best way to learn and remember the proper spelling of words.

§  Listening as you read along can help you improve your pronunciation skills.

If you want to improve your English, learn to love reading in English. The best readers often get the best grades, jobs and opportunities.

Once we have some good ideas and have consulted with others via books and journals, written communication, face-to-face meetings, and other means, we are ready to write our piece. Of course, the act of writing itself can help us get ideas, and we may often find in the course of our writing that we need to go back and get some new ideas or revise the ones we started with. Below are five ideas that I try to keep in mind in my own writing.

Connect Ideas

When we write for language learning journals, we benefit ourselves and others. Our students benefit in several ways. Firstly, if we are writing for journals, when we ask our students to write in class, it is not a case of "Do as I say, but not as I do", because we can show with them that we are "doing" too, by sharing with them about our own writing. In this way, we serve as a model and show that writing is not just something people do as a course assignment. Also, as we are writers too - facing the difficulties that all writers face, such as developing ideas, finding the right words to express our ideas, and facing sometimes unfavorable feedback - we may be slower to criticize our students, more accepting of their faults, and more insightful in the advice we offer.

Extensive Reading

In this section:
What it is
Historical perspective
Background theory
How extensive reading may appear in a language class
- Types of programs
-Characteristics
- Materials
- Activities
- Assessment
Role of teacher
Role of student
Advantages
Challenges
Research topics
 

What it is

• Brown (1989) explains that extensive reading is carried out "to achieve a general understanding of a text."
• Long and Richards (1971, p.216) identify extensive reading as "occurring when students read large amounts of high interest material, usually out of class, concentrating on meaning, "reading for gist" and skipping unknown words."
• The aims of extensive reading  are to build reader confidence and enjoyment.
• Extensive  reading is always done for the comprehension of main ideas, not for specific details.

Historical Perspective

Different types of nouns refer to concrete and abstract nouns, countable and uncountable nouns, pronouns, common nouns and collective nouns. This beginning level guide provides simple explanations especially for ESL learners and lower level English classes

Confusing Verb Pairs

In this section:
What it is
How it  looks
-Characteristics
-Materials
-Skills developed
-Activities
-Assessment
When it is used
Role of the teacher
Advantages
Disadvantages
Questions sometimes asked
 

What it is

• Brown (1989) explains that intensive reading "calls attention to grammatical forms, discourse markers, and other surface structure details for the purpose of understanding literal meaning, implications, rhetorical relationships, and the like." He draws an analogy to intensive reading as a "zoom lens" strategy . 
• Long and Richards (1987) say it is a "detailed in-class" analysis, led by the teacher, of vocabulary and grammar points, in a short passage."

Skimming and scanning are sometimes referred to as types of reading and at other times, as skills.

Skimming involves a thorough overview of a text and implies a reading competence. Scanning is more a limited activity, only retrieving information relevant to a purpose.

Brown (1994) suggest ed that "perhaps the two most valuable reading strategies for learners as well as native speakers are skimming and scanning." (p.283)

Pugh (1978) suggested that since scanning is a less complex style of reading it can be introduced first. Skimming requires greater fluency and more practice is required, so it should be introduced later.